Structure of different operating system.

Operating system:

According to Wikipedia "an operating system is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs."

Structure of OS:

Now here is the details of different types of Operating System , you should visit the website at least once.

Structure of windows:

 Structure of Ubuntu as an example of Linux: 

 

Now we are going to discover  the "File System Structure" of Linux and windows.

File system in windows :  Tree , use "tree" for find your file system in windows.

 

 

 File system in Linux: 

 

Now , read attentively the brief description of linux file system: 

• / – this is known as “root”, the logical beginning of the Linux file system structure.

• /bin – Pronounced “bin” (as opposed to “bine”), this is where most of your binary files are stored, typically for the Linux terminal commands and core utilities, such as cd (change directory), pwd (print working directory), mv (move), and so on.

• /boot – This is where all the needed files for Linux to boot are kept.

• /dev – This is where your physical devices are mounted, such as your hard drives, USB drives, optical drives, and so on.

• /etc – Pronounced “et-see”, although some also prefer to spell it out, is where configuration files are stored. Configurations stored in /etc will typically affect all users on the system;

• /home – This is where you’ll spend the overwhelming majority of your time, as this is where all of your personal files are kept. The Desktop, Documents, Downloads, Photos, and Videos folders are all stored under the /home/username directory.

• /lib – This is where libraries are kept. You’ll notice that many times when installing Linux software packages, additional libraries are also automatically downloaded, and they almost always start with lib-something. These are basically the files needed for your programs on Linux to work.

• /media – Another place where external devices such as optical drives and USB drives can be mounted. This varies between different Linux distros.

• /mnt – This is basically a placeholder folder used for mounting other folders or drives.

• /opt – Optional software for your system that is not already managed by your distro’s package manager. I don’t really ever find myself using this, your mileage may vary.

• /proc – The “processes” folder where a lot of system information is represented as files (remember, everything is a file). It basically provides a way for the Linux kernel (the core of the operating system) to send and receive information from various processes running in the Linux environment.

• /root – This is the equivalent to the /home folder specifically for the root user, also called the superuser. You really don’t want to touch anything in here unless you know what you’re doing.

• /sbin – Similar to /bin, except that it’s dedicated to certain commands that can only be run by the root user, or the superuser.

• /tmp – This is where temporary files are stored, and they are usually deleted upon shutdown, which saves you from having to manually delete them like is required in Windows.

• /usr – Contains files and utilities that are shared between users.

• /var – This is where variable data is kept, usually system logs but can also include other types of data as well.

All the credit goes to "linuxandubuntu.com".

Lets a pic for make a view linux and windows together.

 

Some Important file system you have to know: 

• File Allocation Table (FAT) is a computer file system architecture and a family of industry-standard file systems utilizing it.
• NTFS (New Technology File System) is a proprietary journaling file system developed by Microsoft. Starting with Windows NT 3.1, it is the default file system of the Windows NT family.
•  A master boot record (MBR) is a special type of boot sector at the very beginning of partitioned computer mass storage devices like fixed disks or removable drives intended for use with IBM PC-compatible systems and beyond.
• The GUID Partition Table (GPT) is a standard for the layout of partition tables of a physical computer storage device, such as a hard disk drive or solid-state drive, using universally unique identifiers, which are also known as globally unique identifiers (GUIDs).